Prime Curve Chudnovsky Coordinates

Introduction

'Chudnovsky Coordinates' are used to represent elliptic curve points on prime curves y^2 = x^3 + ax + b. They give a speed benefit over Affine Coordinates when the cost for field inversions is significantly higher than field multiplications. In 'Chudnovsky Coordinates' the quintuple (X, Y, Z, Z^2, Z^3) represents the affine point (X / Z^2, Y / Z^3).

Point Doubling (5M + 6S or 5M + 4S)

Let (X, Y, Z, Z^2, Z^3) be a point (unequal to the 'point at infinity') represented in 'Chudnovsky Coordinates'. Then its double (X', Y', Z', Z'^2, Z'^3) can be calculated by

 if (Y == 0)
   return POINT_AT_INFINITY
 S = 4*X*Y^2
 M = 3*X^2 + a*(Z^2)^2
 X' = M^2 - 2*S
 Y' = M*(S - X') - 8*Y^4
 Z' = 2*Y*Z
 Z'^2 = Z'^2
 Z'^3 = Z'^2 * Z'
 return (X', Y', Z', Z'^2, Z'^3)

Note: if a = -3, then M can also be calculated as M = 3*(X + Z^2)*(X - Z^2), saving 2 field squarings.

Point Addition (11M + 3S)

Let (X1, Y1, Z1, Z1^2, Z1^3) and (X2, Y2, Z2, Z2^2, Z2^3) be two points (both unequal to the 'point at infinity') represented in 'Chudnovsky Coordinates'. Then the sum (X3, Y3, Z3, Z3^2, Z3^3) can be calculated by

 U1 = X1*Z2^2
 U2 = X2*Z1^2
 S1 = Y1*Z2^3
 S2 = Y2*Z1^3
 if (U1 == U2)
   if (S1 != S2)
     return POINT_AT_INFINITY
   else 
     return POINT_DOUBLE(X1, Y1, Z1, Z1^2, Z1^3)
 H = U2 - U1
 R = S2 - S1
 X3 = R^2 - H^3 - 2*U1*H^2
 Y3 = R*(U1*H^2 - X3) - S1*H^3
 Z3 = H*Z1*Z2
 Z3^2 = Z3^2
 Z3^3 = Z3^2 * Z3
 return (X3, Y3, Z3, Z3^2, Z3^3)

Mixed Addition (with affine point) (8M + 3S)

Let (X1, Y1, Z1, Z1^2, Z1^3) be a point represented in 'Chudnovsky Coordinates' and (X2, Y2) a point in Affine Coordinates (both unequal to the 'point at infinity'). A formula to add those points can be readily derived from the regular chudnovsky point addition by replacing each occurance of "Z2" by "1" (and thereby dropping three field multiplications).

Mixed Addition (with jacobian point) (11M + 3S)

See Jacobian Coordinates for further details.